Conservation of heritage site of dhaka city Free Essays

string(79) satisfaction of at least one of which would make a site deserving of conservation. Foundation of the investigation Dacha, probably the most established city of Bangladesh, has a magnificent history of more than 400 years. Due to the area and vital bit of leeway, it was the center point of focal exercises and regulatory exercises during different noteworthy periods. The Buddhist and Hindu realms, the Fagan Ruling earlier, the McHugh Ruling Period, the British Colonialism, the segment of Bengal, the Liberation War and the contemporary time have improved Dacha’s history and the declarations of those periods have noteworthy essentialness in the nation’s personality. We will compose a custom article test on Protection of legacy site of dhaka city or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now With the progression of time, Dacha has experienced changes to stay up with the advanced globalizes world yet a few declarations of various memorable periods remain. RAJAH has enrolled 93 notable locales of Dacha of various memorable periods and distributed in a newspaper structure in 2009 however appropriate measures have not been taken from government activity to moderate lion's share of these destinations after selection. Therefore the state of a considerable lot of these memorable destinations are impressive in regard to basic condition, illicit inhabitance, contradictory structures, absence of upkeep. In this investigation, we have attempted to distinguish the area and present documentation of these 93 enrolled legacy destinations and build up certain recommendations and arrangements for the best possible protection of these locales. There have been numerous inquires about on the legacy locales of Dacha yet larger part of these looks into center around the destinations that have experienced legitimate protection quantifies and are looked after well. A significant number of the enrolled legacy locales are in regrettable condition and are in an approach to demolish yet don't get any consideration from arranging specialists. The differentiation of this investigation from recently directed inquires about is that it has secured and featured the legacy ties that are in a moderately wretched condition alongside the locales that are in a superior condition. A general directing strategy and system have been proposed for the preservation of these inheritances of the nation. 1. 2 Methodology Figure 1. 1 : Methodology of the Study Project Selection: At the absolute first stage, the undertaking was chosen through the course educators under the course â€Å"Urban Planning Studio†. It was about the Conservation of the Heritage destinations of Bangladesh. Detailing of Objectives: The destinations of study were planned to accomplish the objective. Planning of writing survey: Literature see has been set up by examining universal guidelines and guidelines for preservation, standards for protection, various acts and arrangements. Laws of Bangladesh additionally has been read for preservation. Three instances of monitored locales from remote nations have been examined. Determination of Study zone: RAJAH enrolled 93 destinations were disseminated among nine gatherings. Each gathering was appoint to study ten locales. Information assortment through field study: Data and data were gathered however field study. The area of the legacy locales, their possession status, protection status and utilizations were recognized. Choice of destinations for point by point overview and examination: Three locales were chosen for detail study investigation from past ten locales. Information assortment of chose destinations: Data and data were gathered of chosen three locales. Essential information: Primary information were gathered however field overview. Nearby individuals and proprietors were met and photos were taken through this procedure. Auxiliary information: Secondary information were gathered however visiting diverse Government workplaces, private associations and web. Issues distinguishing proof: Different issues and issues were recognized through study and examination. Assurance of leslies and recommendations: Policies and proposition were produced and decided considering the possibilities and issues with respect to the locales. Last Presentation and Report Submission: Finally an introduction has been arranged and report has been submitted. 1. 3 Objectives 1. To consider area and current state of the notable locales of Dacha city. . To decide a few proposition for the protection of chose locales. 1. 4 Rationale of the examination: Historic site preservation is critical an issue to bring changeability and maintain the noteworthy eminence while arranging a urban region. In this way, a characterized examination on motivation of the legacy locales for figuring far reaching rules dependent on the recognized issues is Justifiable. 1. 5 Scopes and Limitations While leading the investigation a few extents of the examination were distinguished just as certain constraints were confronted. Degrees To recognize the current situation with the legacy locales, detail study have been performed and optional sources have been experienced cautiously. The proprietors of the destinations have likewise been interfaced to sift through the issues basic in protection of locales. The investigation has assisted with detailing the strategies and recommendations for the upkeep of the memorable destinations. In the event that any undertaking is arranged in future by government or private division for the preservation of legacy destinations, the discoveries of this examination would help all things considered. Constraints Extracting of information with respect to the legacy destinations requires a lot of time. In light of time confinement, the investigation wasn't possible in a more noteworthy scale. For leading the overview it was important to visit the investigation territory a few times which caused issues with cost issues. At times, the proprietors were not that much ready to give data. Openness to certain locales was poor on account of the poor framework and transport modes. Getting data from government specialists was troublesome on account of their asset constraint. No methodical database is kept up in the greater part of the administration specialists. Section 2 LITERATURE REVIEW â€Å"The social legacy might be characterized as the whole corpus of material signs †either creative or representative †gave on by the past to each culture and, in this manner, to the entire of mankind. † (CICERO, 1990, p. 4) 2. 1 Criteria for Conservation 2. 1. 1 General rules Scholars and associations have set up models to dole out a site or structure as legacy site dependent on different parameters. Nations worldwide have built up their own appraisal standards for legacy preservation thinking about these regular parameters just as considering the specific issues of own areas. World Heritage Trust has fixed six models (Esthetic, Typical, Scarcity, Historical job, Enhancement of contiguous zones, Superlatives) the satisfaction of at least one of which would make a site deserving of preservation. You read Protection of legacy site of dhaka city in classification Papers Reign (1902) sorted the parameters in essential five typologies-Age, Historical, Commemorative, Use, Newness. Lips (1984) stresses five angles (Economic, Esthetic, Associative-representative, and Informational) for doling out a site as a legacy site. Burr Charter proposes for allotting a site as a social legacy when it has any or more than one of these qualities: Social (counting otherworldly, political, national, other social), Scientific, Esthetic, Historic (Mason, n. D. ). Age, verifiable heritage, unique compositional texture of some specific period, irregularity, human settlement of customary indigenous networks are some basic models saw in the preservation standards of a large portion of the countries’ demonstration. Concerning of the structures, dominant part of nations’ disconnection call for protection of structures raised before 100 years or more. In Scotland, structures raised before 1840; in Germany, those spots which have made due for in any event 50 years; in South Africa, structures more established than 60 years; in Egypt, noteworthy locales over 100 years of age; in Pakistan, structures of at any rate 75 years; in England, notable destinations raised before first July 1948 are prescribed to be enrolled as legacy destinations (English Heritage, n. D. ). Protection of strict symbols, similar to old places of worship, mosques, house of prayer, sanctuaries, burial ground, burial place, cloister, holds noteworthy significance for preservation in the demonstrations of lion's share of nations. Preservation of old mines, caverns, posts and castles are basic around the world. 2. 1. 2 Country shrewd Special Criteria Some countries have interesting verifiable foundation or social personality which assumes a significant job in their fixing of models for legacy protection. In Nepal, the religion has an incredible effect in the preservation models of social legacy. In certain nations, the spots that have relationship of the authentic or strict pioneers are moderated for the profound and noteworthy criticalness. As indicated by Ancient Landmarks Protection Act of Nepal, † Archeological Object implies the item made and utilized by individual in anciently period or manually written family history, scribed or engraved icon, sanctuary of god or goddess, Buddhist cenotaph, sculpture, much obliged, things utilized in imperial palace†. (Branch of Archeology, 1956) South Africa has a surprising history of servitude and this holds a crucial spot in their appraisal standards of a site to be in light of preservation (SAHARA, 2013). In South Africa and England, the appraisal standards have been set bringing all the verifiable landmarks under three evaluations or classifications. In South Africa, Monuments of having significance at national level are doled out in Grade I and landmarks having importance at common level fall in Grade II and the staying ones with commendable engineering interest fall in Grade Ill. English Heritage,a open body of the British Government in England, characterizes the legacy destinations of England in three classifications: Grade I (structures of uncommon intrigue), Grade II* (especially significant structures of more than sp

Managed Care Organizations and Integrated Health Care Networks Assignment - 1

Overseen Care Organizations and Integrated Health Care Networks - Assignment Example As per Kavaler and Spiegel the doctors have an obligation to keep all the data from the patients as classified as could be expected under the circumstances. The doctors should manage data without meddling with the code of morals and cling to all the lawful systems. There are situations when the doctor ought not uncover the patient’s secrecy except if required by the government law. This can happen when a patient takes steps to cause body damage to himself or the other accomplice. In this way, the moral necessities are not a lot of rules but rather goes about as a lawful strategy. Wellbeing Maintenance Organization (HMOs) accept completely the hazard with the business, safety net provider, and oneself. In this sort, installments are done on every individual worker or part in a given populace in a particular month. The staff model for this sort of association involves the workers in HMO. Besides, they should be doctors from HMO and can just become experts after endorsement. Either a specialist or a medical caretaker manages the malignant growth medications and it might require that before certain medications be regulated before reapprove.

How to Become More Creative

How to Become More Creative The value of entrepreneurship is being widely recognized by business executives of large multinational companies as well as startups. It is becoming known that entrepreneurship is an effective way of making a company, product or service stand out in the confusion of choices that consumers are exposed to.Entrepreneurship is the process that starts with conceptualization of novel ideas by individuals or companies (groups of individuals). This is followed by choosing the most promising idea, evaluation, validation and then implementation of the idea. As is evident, the most important and baseline factor of entrepreneurship is the creative thought that starts the whole process.Creativity is the pure essence of entrepreneurship and distinguishes it from traditional business techniques. However, this leads one to ask: Are there any practices that can spark or boost creative thought? Can an entrepreneur get help, inspiration or insight from any source? © Shutterstock.com | Kuttelvaserova StuchelovaThis articles aims to find the answers to these questions. We will look at 1) an introduction to creativity, 2) why creativity matters, and 3) how to become more creative.INTRODUCTION TO CREATIVITYWhat is Creativity?Creativity is the practice or art of converting imagination into reality. It is a two-step process, first thinking of a novel idea (imagination) and then putting it into practice. A creative person perceives the surrounding environment in a different way from others, finds hidden connections among unrelated objects or phenomena. The aim of all this is to ultimately find a solution for a problem.Creativity is closely connected to the concept of “novelty”. It involves thinking of something that is different from otherwise available products or services, even if in the least possible way. This could be a new way of handling things, a new methodology, or even a new product. Creativity makes the unknown to be known, the non-ex istent to exist.In today’s rapidly changing demographical, political, and economic state, no entrepreneur, as an individual or as a company, can succeed without recognizing that change and its associated problems and risk factors can be converted into opportunities. It is the job of an entrepreneur to recognize problems or opportunities and then to devise (create) a way valuable solutions. Entrepreneurship â€" Creativity â€" InnovationWhen we talk about the link between the three, we find that it is rather difficult to draw lines between these very closely related entities. Creativity, as discussed earlier, is the skill to perceive and develop a new solution to a problem. It is very important in an entrepreneurial endeavor in that it is the first step on the ladder. It is the prerequisite of innovation, which is the creation of a new venture. Creativity is a necessary part, but without innovation, it is just imagination. Innovation is taking those ideas to the next level: exploita tion for gaining commercial profits. In a way, innovation is the successful implementation of creative imagination, and a combination of both is entrepreneurship.WHY CREATIVITY MATTERSCreativity gives a higher chance of success than intelligence.Are you intelligent? Are you good at calculating, or you are a tech genius? But are you creative enough? Are you good at connecting dots that don’t usually align? Intelligence and technical skills definitely give you an edge in the workplace, helping you manage your business and doing the tasks faster and better. However, to be able to imagine and create, a new venture needs something more. In your entrepreneurial endeavor, your intelligence might help you at later stages of managing your business, but in order to create something new, innovation will come in handy.You can rely on creativity on the uncertain path of entrepreneurship.So many people waste their time and energy in trying to control outcomes. So many of them learn the hard way that it is an illusion, and the earlier it is realized the better. The core of entrepreneurship lies in taking risks and not knowing how things will turn out. Creative thought can “equip” an entrepreneur with the required flexibility and imagination. Uncertainties do not follow any rules, so the best way to tackle them is to find a rather “moldable” way to deal with them, like creativity. Not knowing the outcome can be frightening, but an entrepreneur embraces it and it becomes an opportunity for him to excel.Creative thinking makes great entrepreneurs.Creativity is not only an important ingredient of entrepreneurship; it is also associated with entrepreneurial success. It enables the entrepreneur to steer the company in the direction of growth. Creativity increases the ability to adapt to the unknown and embrace change in the form of technology, customer preferences and business trends. Today’s business success comes by tapping the untapped areas, be it new markets, intr oducing new products/services, or changing processes or methodologies. All of these come with risks, but offer equal opportunities for those who seek success.Creativity is the principal function of three elements.There are some basic factors that boost creative processes in an individual. People tend to be more creative mainly by internal forces like motivation, a direct interest, or the passion to take up challenges. The inherent wish to stand out among others or solve a problem that no one else has is a strong factor in creative thinking.In summary, three constituent factors in creative process are expertise, the basic skill of creativity, and motivation. Expertise Expertise includes the person’s ability that comes with specific knowledge or a specific technical skill. It is the basic education and learning that the person is equipped with that helps him in his creative endeavors. After all, more knowledge and expertise helps in a detailed observation of how things are done in an industry, ultimately allowing one to think in different creative ways. Skills of creative thinking Creative thinking, the basic element of creativity, enables the person to approach a problem in different ways such that a viable and potentially beneficial solution comes out of it. Creative thinking in turn depends upon several other factors like personality, inherent creative skill, knowledge of creativity boosters, etc. Motivation Motivation is the internal desire and drive to excel and do something different. If a person is motivated, he/she can endure the challenges and risks associated with it and the work pressure rather becomes enjoyable. The higher the motivation level, the higher the drive to create something substantial.HOW TO BECOME MORE CREATIVEIt has been debated whether a person is inherently creative or whether creativity can be learned. Creativity should be perceived as a skill and not as a talent: a skill that can be learned, improved, worked upon and polished.T he Creativity ProcessAlthough creativity could be a random activity, some definite steps have been reported in the literature for directing it, resulting in a better outcome. These steps are described below:1. PreparationThis stage involves identifying the problem and gathering as much information available in every dimension possible. It is the homework stage of the steps to follow. This is a very important stage as it is the first step of the creative process. There is no fruitful outcome if there is a misstep, so think again: Did you even choose the right problem to work on? Do you have enough information needed to solve it?2. IncubationAt this stage, the person’s mind directs all energy, consciously and subconsciously, toward the problem, gathering different ideas about how to fix them. This stage is like connecting the invisible dots and making a pathway that was previously non-existent.The incubation stage is immensely affected by the hustle and bustle of daily life. The con stantly buzzing mind, which is involved in daily chores, seldom finds the space to work up an idea. Peace of mind is definitely required in order to encourage the creative mind to keep working.3. IlluminationIllumination is that insightful moment when the creative idea leaves the subconscious mind and enters the realm of awareness. This stage is associated with solution finding and a clear picture of what a person intends to do. It is a reward for the time spent building an idea. When you find a jewel of a strong idea, you suddenly have a strong urge to bring it to life, and interestingly, this happens only if it was generated in the true essence of creativity.4. VerificationThis stage is meant to crosscheck the idea for its viability. What seems to be doable and profitable in the mind might not be so in real life. This requires verification, elaboration and then application. The idea should be appropriate and be able to connect to the target consumers. Verification could be done by asking some questions and by soliciting feedback from the team or trusted peers.Put the Creativity Process to WorkAs much as the innate “talent” of creativity can help a person, it can be enhanced as a skill, and there a variety of practices which help in doing so. As Sir Ken Robinson rightfully said, “Everybody has tremendous creative capacities”.Creativity is more like a process and rarely comprises a single eureka moment. Everyone is innately capable to step up to that process. So we can actually “practice” creativity, or make ourselves more creative, by following these steps:1. Establish a creative work environment.Environment plays an important role in stimulating or inhibiting creative impulses. A creative environment acts like a support system; it promotesrelaxation and ultimately cushions creative thoughts. This is why huge companies like Google and Facebook are doing next-level investments in providing their employees with a very fun, relaxing environmental set ting similar to a playground for grown-ups. The purpose is to provide a comfortable and relaxing zone where ideas can be easily vocalized. In such an environment, even unusual and bizarre ideas are appreciated because it is in the midst of those ideas that some really great ideas with potential for success are created and nurtured.It has been proven through studies that an “untidy” or messy environment can help boost creativity. In such experiments, different groups were placed in messy as well can clean and tidy environments. It was observed that group performance in a messy room was significantly better than those in a clean room. A messy room promotes the formation of random, unstructured thoughts that ultimately lead to creative ideas, whereas a structured and tidy place rarely promotes going beyond structure and norm.2. Merge different disciplines to generate wonderfully creative ideas.Running out of ideas? Some really great output can be obtained by merging dots that are n ot generally connected. Combining fields that do not usually go together can be very innovative. This has also been proven by a study in which people provided with more related words were unable to make up creative stories than those who were assigned unrelated words. This technique is also known as fusing ideas. Some exercises that can help in fusing unrelated ideas are given below:Connect remote things: For example, pick up two books, select a certain page and a certain word and then make up a story of how they are or can be connected.Find an analogy: Pick up a product and keenly observe it for its properties. Explain in detail its attributes and characteristics. For example, a knife can be described as ‘sharp’ and ‘metallic’ or it can also be identified as something that requires downward pressure to cut a thing. The next step is to find out how these attributes can help in solving the problem.Meet different people, try to imagine being in their place: Meeting or working with people who are like you, are in the same profession or are close to you can be comforting. Imagining yourself belonging to a different profession or switching places with someone you just met can help you to have a different perspective of problems and finding solutions.3. Creativity needs both structure and flexibility.It is questionable whether creativity flourishes in more structure or more flexibility. The truth is it takes a mixture of both to create an optimal environment.Structure has both encouraging and discouraging impacts on creativity. On one hand, if someone adheres to structure, follows rules and routine, the brain cannot process the random thinking that helps in finding new solutions. However, some structure is important to give a sense of direction, goal and ambition. Knowing what someone wants to achieve helps in devising strategies to reach the goal.4. Ask smart and appropriate questions.Questions lead to answers, but asking a smarter question will give you an even more interesting answer. This is what led to the creation of Starbucks and Instagram. Their owners asked themselves simple yet intriguing questions, ultimately leading to the creation of amazing platforms.Some techniques mentioned in literature for practicing asking smart questions are:Start with one question, do not overthink, and make 10 variations of it.Make up alternative questions to get to the right one.Tackling a problem in a different way needs a different perspective.Get your hands on all the information available to be able to think differently.Take one problem, and ask people from different origins or ethnicities what their take would be on that. Compare your perspective with theirs.5. Test yourself with the 30 Circles Test.This creativity exercise was designed by Bob McKim and explained by Tim Brown in his TED Talk Creativity and Play. In this playful exercise, you need to draw 30 circles on paper, and in one minute you need to assign objects to the circles. Most a dults cannot assign more than a few circles. Children are good at such things because adults are self-critical and have a desire to be original. The goal of the exercise is to create more diverse connections among things that could ultimately help in the creation of ideas.6. Learn something new regularly sign up often for a course absolutely new to you.Always being open to learning something new helps to keep you flexible and open to new ideas. Creativity also thrives best when a person leaves his comfort zone. There are plenty of courses both online and in evening education programs with the purpose of giving an informal education for beginners.7. Expect to be creative at atypical times.Everyone has optimal times, like morning or evening, for working out complicated cognitive assignments. However, these are not necessarily the best times for creative tasks. A study showed that creativity-related tasks are more easily performed when someone is least alert. This phenomenon has been explained by Professor Sian Beilock of the University of Cambridge. He says, “Sometimes people’s ability to think about information in new and unusual ways can actually be hampered when they wield too much brainpower”.8. Walk when you need ideas.A couple of things that could activate creative flair are going for a walk and getting yourself bored. Walking is one way of activating the creative stimuli by increasing the blood flow to the brain and increasing visual stimuli that cannot be achieved behind a desk. Like walking, boredom could possibly be linked with some creative boosts. Some studies have indeed shown that despite being mostly associated with some negative connotations, boredom has a positive impact on creative thinking.9. Engage and encourage your team.Nothing can replace the value of engaging the whole team in a task. It gives you multiple perspectives about a task or an idea, helping to refine the idea and crosschecking it before putting into practice. It also mot ivates the team by giving them a sense of ownership and by showing that their opinion is valued.Creativity is the core of an entrepreneurial endeavor. Without a creative boost, an entrepreneur can only dream of success. This article helps in understanding how to enhance creative flair. If someone “thinks” that he or she is not creative, they can surely put creativity to work by following some simple routine tasks. You cannot just sit back at the desk and wait for the aha moment your whole life. It requires getting up and doing something. The good part is it is not rocket science, but involves activities like walking down the street or just cluttering your desk. However, you might have to try out different things, but at the end of the day you might hit the jack pot and build an idea that is worth putting into action.

Schools Have Options When Penning a Cell Phone Policy

Cell phones are increasingly becoming more of an issue for schools. It seems that every school addresses this issue utilizing a different cell phone policy. Students of all ages have begun to carry cell phones. This generation of students is more tech savvy than any who has become before them. A policy should be added to the student handbook to handle cell phone issues according to your district’s stance. Several different variations of a school cell phone policy and possible consequences are discussed here. Consequences are variable as they could apply to one or each of the policies below. Cell Phone Ban Students are not permitted to possess a cell phone for any reason on school grounds. Any student caught violating this policy will have their cell phone confiscated. First Violation: The cell phone will be confiscated and given back only when the parent comes by to pick it up. Second Violation: Forfeiture of the cell phone until the end of the last day of school. Cell Phone Not Visible During School Hours Students are permitted to carry their cell phones, but they should not have them out at any time unless there is an emergency. Students are allowed to use their cell phones only in an emergency situation. Students abusing this policy could have their cell phone taken until the end of the school day. Cell Phone Check In Students are permitted to bring their cell phone to school. However, they must check their phone into the office or their homeroom teacher upon arriving to school. It can be picked up by that student at the end of the day. Any student who fails to turn in their cell phone and is caught with it in their possession will have their phone confiscated. The phone will be returned to them upon paying a fine of $20 for violating this policy. Cell Phone as an Educational Tool Students are permitted to bring their cell phone to school. We embrace the potential that cell phones can be used as a technological learning tool in the classroom . We encourage teachers to implement the use of cell phones when appropriate into their lessons. Students will be trained at the beginning of the year as to what proper cell phone etiquette is within the confines of the school. Students may use their cell phones for personal use during transition periods or at lunch. Students are expected to turn their cell phones off when entering a classroom. Any student who abuses this privilege will be required to attend a cell phone etiquette refresher course. Cell phones will not be confiscated for any reason as we believe that confiscation creates a distraction for the student which interferes with learning.

Tying Together Yin, Yang, Dao, and the Chinese Dream of...

1/ Explain the concepts of â€Å"Yin† and â€Å"Yang†. Using pp. 227 ff in the textbook, try to tie them together with an early understanding of the â€Å"Dao† (â€Å"Tao†) and the Chinese dream of a ‘Golden Age’. The concepts of Yin, Yang, and Dao are beliefs the early Chinese had to better understand the order of nature and its elements. Yang is male energy, and is understood to stand for dry and warm elements in nature, as well as for active and expansive elements. Yin is the female energy, and is therefore the opposite of yang; it is wet and cold, slower and regressive in nature. Furthermore, yang objects (males) are seen as positive, heavenly and more important elements then yin objects (females). Objects in nature may at times have both yang and yin†¦show more content†¦For this reason, the Dao De Jing teaches that a wise human would hold both yin and yang in balance, and incorporate traits, from both, into their lifestyle. Dao also believes in the fact that what goes around comes around, and though someone may not follow the Dao way, nevertheless, in the end, all reverses. Daoism, according to Zhuang-zi, believed that in a world with perfect order and change there is no univers al truth or right way that all creatures must conform to. (Noss and Grangaard 234-241) 3/ Give a brief overview of different variations of Ancestor Veneration. Ancestor veneration was partly the result of a strong relationship based on interdependence of one another. The ancestors deepened on the living to keep them connected to the family, and the memory of them alive. This was done through prayers and sacrifices that were offered up to them. The living depended on their ancestors to provide the family with prosperity and good fortune. Any honor or favor the family received was also received by their ancestor, likewise, the same was true for any disgrace or injury received. Another way a family showed ancestor veneration was through pilgrimages taken by the whole family to their ancestor’s graves where they would leave offerings and restore their graves. Moreover, families also constructed shrines, in their homes, in tribute to their ancestors, and this was the place where sacrifices, prayers, requests and important decisions were presented before the ancestors

Has UK become a digital nation Free Essays

string(41) " information systems and infrastructure\." Abstract Information Technology has become more prevalent making it indispensable in the day to day activities of not just individuals or businesses but to the nation as a whole. There are more government initiatives to move from paper-based record keeping to a digital record management. However, despite technology growth, the nation as a whole is not prepared to get accustomed to a digital world. We will write a custom essay sample on Has UK become a digital nation? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though technology simplifies certain key processes and tasks in our day to day lives there are still areas like training and development that the nation needs to tackle in order embrace the digital revolution. The key aim of this review is to understand the key role of information technology and information systems in business, public sector and in the lives of the common man and the evolution of technology and its use in various areas. The review critically analyses research about internet and other emerging technologies and points out the current gaps. Introduction The rapid development of information technology and tools has not only made it easier for individuals and businesses to work at their own convenience and obtain information faster, but has also shrunk the world into a global village. Information Systems and Technologies have now become the backbone and lifeblood of businesses. In an information age, almost all processes are automated by businesses, most transactions take place over the internet and businesses use information technology in some way or the other. The Office for National Statistics (2013) have shown that there has been a sharp increase in the usage of internet for business activities. From using internet as a primary means of communications, businesses are now increasingly using internet for making sales online. The statistics show that 18% of the business turnover was accounted for by online sales and nearly 43% of businesses in the UK used social media to market their products and promotional activities. Studies by Business Zone (2011) showed that 77% of the households in the UK have access to the internet and that the growth in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has the potential to generate ?35 million value added growth in the UK economy by businesses. In the digital technological age, businesses and nations have two options to either embrace the technology or be a technologically divided nation. Technology has become ingrained in the lives of the modern man and has proven to have significant advantages and benefits. The last four decades have shown a stark increase in the development and usage of technology. Businesses that do not have technological expertise miss out on opportunities, individuals find it difficult to carry on even the most mundane tasks without technological assistance as dependence on technology increases but technology enables information to be available at any time that helps organisations take strategic decisions (Melville et al, 2004) The main aim of this paper is to identify the role information systems play in organisations and to critically review the literature to get an in-depth understanding of the IT trends and infrastructure evolution in order to understand whether the UK has become a digital nation. Literature Review This section discusses the role of Information Systems in business organisations, the infrastructure and key technological developments over the past few years and also the role of internet in the digital and modern age. Information Systems in Business Studies show that information systems are being used by businesses in order to increase productivity, decrease costs, and effectively manage their day to day operations thereby increasing profits (Melville et al, 2004). Information Technology and Information Systems are no longer a separate department in an organisation but a cross-functional one which has a role to play in the overall business, thus making it inevitable (Rainer and Cegielski, 2010). In their book, Enabling and Transforming Business, the authors (Melville et al, 2004)discuss the role information system plays in not only developing the business but also as a key role it takes in facilitating the business to reach its strategic and long-term goals and vision. The authors discuss the power of digital information and the real-world applications of Information Technology in a business environment. The authors show that IT solutions can be applied to any business problem in order to maximise the returns and also to ensure that an effective solution is maintained. This is not just true to business organisations. In a digitised world, governments also apply Information Technology to make information available and to use IT and information systems to process, store and disseminate information to enable faster processing, reduction in costs, improved practices and complying with various regulations .(Rainer and Cegielski, 2010).There is an undeniable and key role that Information Technology plays in business organisations that it is almost impossible for businesses to function without IT support. This does not mean that using IT would lead the organisation to success. The authors point out by means of case studies and examples where using IT can actually lead to the failure. This points out to the areas that need to be concentrated on while implementing an IT solution within the business or the key points that need to be considered while deciding to digitise the business to ensure that the IT implementat ion helps the business achieve its objectives. This book provides all the basic pointers that need to be noted while implementing an information system and takes the reader through the importance `and advantages of the same. This book however cannot act as a final guide for choosing appropriate technologies or for advanced readers. Businesses in this information age are moving to global web-based platforms to be able to appeal to more customers. Internet and other emerging technologies, such as wireless and mobile communication systems, further enhance their business offering and also for competitive and strategic advantage (Bocij, 2006). Organisations use information systems for provision of business intelligence that would enable them be in the forefront (Negash, 2004). Studies relate good organisational performance with a strong information systems and infrastructure. You read "Has UK become a digital nation?" in category "Essay examples" Information technology has a great impact in the performance of the company and helps to add value to the services offered. However, researchers show that in order for the information technology to be able to add value and help in the significant contribution of the success of the business, it is essential a good framework is being used to develop the IT business model, tra ining needs are adhered to and that a proper change management mechanism is in place. (Melville et al, 2004). From the above, it can be noted that information systems in business is inevitable and even government organisations are adapting and embracing new technologies thus driving forward the digital age and making a contributing to drive the nation to go digital. Emerging Technologies Information Technology is developing and evolving at a rapid pace. Technology is no longer just a personal computer or a network of computers. Gartner (2013) predicts the top technologies include mobile device management, mobile apps and applications, cloud computing, smart machines and 3-D printing in 2014. MIT technology (2014) discusses that future holds a lot more breakthroughs in technologies. The most fascinating and powerful technologies that would dominate the current year are noted as ultraprivate smartphones built with security and privacy, 3-D printing, neuromorphic chips that act like brain chips and mobile collaboration. The research shows that these technologies take the digital age to a whole new level and that helps businesses become and remain more competitive and also take provision of services to a whole new level. Powerful and modern technology would enable businesses to operate and collaborate in a better fashion. These emerging technologies show that the scope of technology has gone beyond just using of computers and how technology if used properly can help steering forward the digital era and also the impact it can make on business as well as the entire population. Internet in Business Internet in business is gaining more and more importance and the proliferation of this technology has made communications seamless across the globe. The Internet started out as a communication technology and now has become indispensable to the business not only for communication but also for various other purposes (Afuah, 2000). Internet is increasingly used as a tool to collaborate, make sales, communicate with customers, build brand image and as an economically viable channel to advertise and reach out to a larger population of customers (Zhao, 2000). Internet commerce or e-commerce facilitates processing of transactions online using internet technologies. The development of these technologies and the proliferation of these has enabled businesses to sell their products directly to the customers irrespective of their geographic location. This technological era has not only changed dramatically but has also led to the change in perspective in terms of business models and the way businesses and corporations operate and engage with customers. The emergence of social media sites on the internet enables businesses use these to be able to pitch their ideas and attract a plethora of customers, build trust and a brand image. Similarly, using internet technologies has enabled effective communication across the globe irrespective of the time zone and to be able to obtain information across the globe at convenience. Overall this has marked the rapid growth in using technology as a means for development and making a significant impact in the digital world. Benefits of IT Studies show that UK digitisation has had a very positive impact in the economy and has added nearly ?63 billion to the annual GDP. The other benefits of IT in the general population and the economy includes: Better living quality by minimising efforts and increasing efficiency of services offered. Internet proficiency can help government to meet its goals and also streamline various processes. (UK Booz Co, 2012) Businesses can collaborate better and use its online presence to market its products and services. Key Information Technology Challenges Though internet and other Information and Communications Technologies have become more prevalent and common in businesses today, there are still various organisations that face various IT implementation challenges. These include: 1. Moving from paper-based environment to electronic records: Studies show that more than 90% of the businesses use electronic records. However, moving from paper based to electronic environment could be quite challenging. Businesses would need to be able to find the correct records management software and technologies to support their processes and manage business records digitally and this is difficult because of the lack of key skills and expertise in understanding the various tools and services that are offered. This process could be further complicated by various compliance laws that might become applicable whilst moving to electronic records, organisational culture and change management procedure in place to handle these (M Rapaport, 2014). Training: When implementing new technologies it is imperative that staff are trained. Implementing new technologies might cause reluctance in employees using these due to lack of knowledge, skills and expertise. It is imperative that businesses use good training methods and have adequate change control to ensure business-wide acceptance of the technologies (E Savitz, 2011). Security: Security is a key issue and data protection and privacy are areas of concern for enterprises. Systems and technologies are under various threats and risks and it is therefore essential for businesses to think through the information security challenges, authentication and authorisation methods, policies, compliance and regulatory requirements whilst implementing IT within the business (Symantec, 2014). Conclusion All businesses and individuals are using information technology more and more. Government departments are also moving towards electronic data and technology has now become a part and parcel of all organisations. However, this development has a lot of challenges and businesses need to cross a lot of barriers before implementing the correct information system and technology. Training and acceptance of technology has to be taken into consideration while implementing Information systems across the organisation. There are various advantages of using IT and affiliated technologies. The key challenges facing the government adapting to technology is ensuring cost effectiveness and having a fully transparent procedure that is auditable. Moving to a digital age can make certain things challenging; however, the benefits of implementation of technologies outweigh the challenges. The current trend shows that there would be an increase in the technological proliferation and for government to embrace the technology fully it requires that the skills gap be catered to and that ICT literacy is taken into consideration by the government. To become a digital nation, substantial investment is required and the adequate skills needed to be able to support the infrastructure and the technology are essential. The costs for such an emergence needs to be taken into consideration and the necessary measures need to be taken to be fully prepared to embrace the technological age with ease. This review has shown that there are various benefits of using Information Technology and has also shown evidence of the usage of Information Technology by businesses and the government. This clearly shows the steps and the contribution to move to a digital era. It also highlights the key challenges faced and these challenges if tackled effectively would lead to harnessing all the key benefits of technology thus making UK a truly digital nation. References Rainer and Cegielski (2010): Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business. USA: Wiley Publication. N Melville, K Kraemer, and V Gurbaxani (2004): Review: Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value. MIS Quarterly, ACM Digital Library. Negash S (2004). â€Å"Business Intelligence,† Communications of the Association for Information Systems: Vol. 13, Article 15. Available at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol13/iss1/15 Office for National Statistics (2013): ICT Activity for UK Business 2012, Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rdit2/ict-activity-of-uk-businesses/2012/index.html Business Zone (2011): Internet stats show importance of online for small businesses, Available at: http://www.businesszone.co.uk/topic/technology/internet-stats-show-importance-online-small-businesses/36800 Bocij, P. (2006): Business Information Systems: Technology, Development and Management for the E-Business. UK: Pearson Education Trust. Rivera, J. (2013): Gartner Identifies the Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2014, Orlando Available at: http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2603623 MIT Technology (2014): 10 Breakthrough technologies in 2014, Available at: http://www.technologyreview.com/lists/technologies/2014/ A Afuah (2000): Internet Business Models and Strategies: Text and Cases, ACM Digital Library, USA David W. Stewart, Qin Zhao (2000) Internet Marketing, Business Models, and Public Policy. Journal of Public Policy Marketing: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 287-296 Rapaport, M. (2014): Top Challenges of Moving from Paper to Digital in Quality Management, IQS, USA. Available at: http://www.iqs.com/iqs-blog/top-challenges-moving-paper-digital-quality-management/#.U9KImvldVo8 Savitz E. (2011): How To Get Employees To (Really) Use New Technology, Forbes, USA. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2011/07/14/how-to-get-employees-to-really-use-new-technology/ Symantec, 2014: Securing the New Enterprise: Five Key IT Challenges. Available at: http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/white_papers/b-5-key-it-challenges-en-us.pdf Go On UK Booz Co â€Å"This is for Everyone: The Case for Universal Digitisation†, 2012 How to cite Has UK become a digital nation?, Essay examples

The History Of The Republican George Herbert Walker Bush

Introduction President George Herbert Walker Bush was the 41st President of the United States of America. President Bush assumed office on January 20 1989, serving for one term until January 20 1993. Prior to winning the presidency, Bush had served as the vice president under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989 (â€Å"George Herbert Walker Bush†, 2010, p.1). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of The Republican George Herbert Walker Bush specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More President Bush ran on a Republican Party ticket, a party he joined early on in his business as well as political career. He is the father of President George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States of America. Early Life George Herbert Walker Bush was born on June 12 1924, in Massachusetts to Prescott and Dorothy Bush. His father was the US senator for Connecticut from 1959 to 1963. George H. W. Bush attended schools within Massachusetts, and at eighteen years, he was accepted into Yale University. However, the Pearl Harbor attack of 1941 saw him halt his plans to join the prestigious University and enlist in the US navy, where at 18, he was one of the youngest enlistees in the Navy’s history. George H. W. Bush served in the navy until the end of the Second World War in 1945. (â€Å"George Herbert Walker Bush†, 2010, p.1). Upon his return home, he soon married Barbara Bush, and he subsequently rejoined Yale University and completed his degree studies in two through an accelerated program. He later moved his family to Texas, where he wanted to establish a career in the oil industry. He worked for several oil companies as he established contacts that enabled him establish an oil drilling company with a partner. He made a fortune in the oil business and then set his sights on a political career, a step he had desired to take for a long time. The political Offices Held and Appointive Posts Occupied Prior to His Vice Presidency Congressional Representative In 1966, while he was still chairperson of the Republican Party in Texas’ Harris County, he ran for the office of the congressional representative for Texas’ seventh district and won. He was re-elected to the same seat in 1968. Because this was his first political office on a national scale, the political views, beliefs, and policies that would shape his presidency began to emerge. Even this early, George H. W. Bush identified with the conservative policies of the Republican Party to which he belonged (Solomon, 2011, p.51). He identified with the President Nixon’s policies in the Vietnam War, a war that was hugely unpopular with the American public in its later stages. His position on the military draft leaned on its abolition, and he voted to support the same. Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e Although a conservative, he broke ranks with the Republican Party on the issue of birth control, which he supported. George H. W. Bush as the first republican to represent Houston in the House of Representatives, all the previous posts having been held by Democrats. Bush then set his sights on Texas senate seat, and contested in the 1970 elections, after resigning from his Congressional representative position. Although he easily won his party’s primary elections to earn a ticket for the senate contest, democrat Lloyd Bentsen subsequently defeated him. US ambassador to the United Nations Following his electoral defeat by congressional representative Bentsen, Bush was jobless on the political front, having relinquished his seat as the congressional representative for Texas’ seventh District. However, by this time he had sufficiently raised his political profile on the national scene, and he was widely known throughout the country. He had also gained political frie nds in the highest of offices, and he was close to President Nixon. President Nixon subsequently nominated him to the post of US ambassador to the UN, and his subsequent unanimous confirmation by the Senate was testament to the bi-partisan appeal that he radiated as a politician (Wiener, 2010, p.29). He served as the US ambassador to the UN for two years, and he ably represented the nation in during his brief tenure. Nominal Head of the Republican Party George H. W. Bush’s profile in the Republican Party, beginning with his years as the Chairman of the Republican Party for Harris County in Texas had risen over the years. He was a vigorous campaigner, contributed funds, and spent his time advocating for the party’s various causes. Therefore, in 1973, he was the Republican Party’s unanimous choice for leadership, and he assumed the position of chairman of the Republican National Committee. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of Th e Republican George Herbert Walker Bush specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Watergate scandal soon came to the public’s attention, and Bush was split between supporting his friend President Nixon, and saving the public face of the Republican Party as more investigations revealed Nixon’s culpability (Wiener, 2010, p.29). As chair of the party’s national committee, Bush asked President Nixon to resign in order to save the Party, and Nixon soon resigned. US ambassador to China Having proved his mettle as the US envoy to the United Nations, Bush was appointed as the US ambassador to China. His office was based in Taiwan and he initiated relations with the People’s Republic of China, with set the stage for full diplomatic relations between the US and China in later years, which prior to his appointment was non existent. The experiences he underwent, in his various postings in foreign nations, would give him an edge in foreign policy when he eventually ran for president in 1989. George H. W. Bush served as US envoy to China for slightly over a year, before returning to the US to serve as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a post appointed by Nixon’s successor President Gerald Ford. His appointment as head of the CIA replicates a pattern in Bush’s political career that indicates his trustworthiness, as he was continuously appointed to politically sensitive positions that required reasonable judgment and focused leadership. Interestingly, he was also on President Ford’s shortlist for the Vice Presidency, although Nelson Rockefeller was the eventual appointee. Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush worked as the Director of Central Intelligence (now the office of Director of The Central Intelligence Agency) for about one year. As the holder of this post, Bush was the principal security advisor to the President and the National Security Counci l, which comprises various heads of the country’s military and domestic intelligence bodies. Yet again, his appointment to such a sensitive post was testament to Bush’s increasing political profile, and his personal integrity – vital elements for winning the US presidency. During his tenure, Bush restored the high status of the CIA, which had taken a hit due to revelations of the agency’s illegal involvements in the political activities of sovereign nations, in South America and other parts of the developing world. Following the election of Jimmy carter in 1977, Bush was replaced as the Director of Central Intelligence, and he subsequently undertook various duties both in the political and civil spheres, including a stint as a professor at Rice University. He announced his candidature for the US presidential election of 1980, and vied for the Republican Party ticket which he lost to Ronald Reagan, who went on to become the president. After losing the pa rty’s presidential ticket, Reagan appointed him as his Vice Presidential running mate (Beinart, 2010, p. 29). Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He served under President Reagan as Vice President from 1981-1989, after which he finally secured the Republican Party’s presidential ticket with support from Reagan and a host of other influential members of the party, whose contacts he had established and maintained throughout his stint as Vice President. George H. W. Bush’s Presidential campaign of 1988 Prior to winning his Party’s nomination, Bush faced off with Republican senators and leaders in a quest to win the ticket. He quickly stated his beliefs and the campaign promises to be fulfilled if he were to win the Presidency. His opposition to tax increases, or new taxes for Americans was his highlight promise. This position endeared him to the Republican Party faithful, and he won the nomination. The Democratic nominee for president was Michael Dukakis, with whom Bush had to compete against for the Presidency (Dayton, 1988, p. 643). Bush reiterated his earlier positions, most of which he had espoused durin g his entire career as a politician. He believed in combating increased crime rates (he derided his opponent for being soft on crime), and that Americans should be able to own guns. His Christian background led to his belief that prayers in schools were significant, and so was the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. He was opposed to abortion rights, as he had been since the Supreme Court legalized abortion in 1973. Bush also supported capital punishment for deserving offenders. The George H. W. Bush Presidency George H. W. Bush defeated Michael Dukakis to take up the high office of President on January 20 1989. Bush won 53.4 % of the popular vote and received 426 out of 537 electoral votes. President Bush inherited a large budget deficit from his predecessor (Muris, 2000, p.365), and his efforts to reduce the benefits would prove to be the most challenging endeavors of his presidency, ultimately leading to his loss in the Presidential election of 1991. Successes of George H. W. Bush’s Presidency The foreign policy experience of his years in politics as a political appointee to various posts proved decisive during his presidency (Greenstein, 2001, p.386). President Bush successfully led the United Nations (UN) coalition attack on Iraq after Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, threatening the political and military stability of the Persian Gulf region in 1991 (Brands 2011, p. 870). A similar intervention in Panama in 1989 to install the democratically elected government of President Endara, after the incumbent Manuel Noriega refused to acknowledge defeat, was also successful (Gilboa, 1995, p.539). During his Presidency, the Berlin Wall was destroyed, and the Soviet Union disintegrated, effectively ending the Cold War, and President Bush, as the leader of the US, was involved in varying degrees in the precipitation of these hugely significant world events (Engel, 2010, p.26). President Bush initiated and signed numerous other policies and laws that had significant positive impact on ordinary Americans. â€Å"The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed with Canada and Mexico opened up trade opportunities for American businesspersons† (Bolton, 2011, p. 34), while the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which granted equality to persons with disabilities, and sheltered them from discrimination. Failures of George H. W. Bush’s Presidency Despite his long career in political offices that culminated in his eight year Vice Presidency under President Reagan, the experiences gained were still not enough to gain Bush a second term. President Bush’s first term was politically tainted by his inability to cut deals with the Democratic Party, which controlled the Congress. Bush was forced, by Democrats, to raise taxes in order to reduce government deficits, a move which alienated a significant number of his supporters. By increasing taxes, he had effectively reneged on his campaign promise not to raise tax es or introduce new ones. President Bush did not do enough to protect Americans from the economic recession that was coincidental to the 1991 presidential campaigns. This happening made him appear incompetent in handling the economy, especially when his suave handling of foreign policy issues was considered. Therefore, he appeared to have a firm grasp on foreign policy, but unable to manage the economy. The economy was a serious issue for the American voters, and when his challenger Bill Clinton of the Democratic Party exploited this perceived weakness of the President, he gained more supporters (Whip Fletcher, 1993, p.50). President Bush ultimately lost the election to Clinton. Conclusion George H. W. Bush’s long and distinguished public career serving the American people in various capacities, prior to his presidency, prepared him for the task of high office. His distinguished service as a lieutenant in the Navy during the Second World War, Texan Congress Representative, US envoy to the UN and China, and even as the Director of Central Intelligence all served to ensure the foreign policy actions of his presidency put America in a positive light. The end of the Cold War under his watch restored hope to millions of persons across the entire globe, and the fall of the Berlin wall heralded a new world order, full of hope and promise. However, deliberately or through coincidence, the American economy failed to prosper under his watch, ultimately costing him a second term. His service, to the American people in the posts he held, allude to a passionate and dedicated servant, and for that, the American people will always be grateful. References Beinart, P. (2010). Ronald Reagan. Foreign Policy, 180, 28-33. Brands, H. (2011). Why Did Saddam Invade Iran? New Evidence on Motives, Complexity and the Israel Factor. Journal of Military History, 75(3), 861-885. Bolton, J. R. (2011). Don’t mess with the U. S. New Criterion, 29(6), 31-35. Dayton, M. (1988 ). Michael S. Dukakis. Acceptance speech. Vital Speeches of the Day, 54(21), 642-645. Engel, J. A. (2010). A Better World . but Don’t Get Carried Away: The Foreign Policy of George H. W. Bush Twenty Years On. Diplomatic History, 34(1), 25-46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00831.x George Herbert Walker Bush. (2010). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. Gilboa, E. (1995). The Panama invasion revisited: Lessons for the use of force in the post Cold War era. Political Science Quarterly, 110(4), 539. Greenstein, F. I. (2001). The Prudent Professionalism of George Herbert Walker Bush. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 31(3), 385-392. doi: 10.1162/002219500551587 Muris, T. J. (2000). Ronald Reagan and the rise of large deficits. Independent Review, 4(3), 365. Solomon, J. (2011). A Wimp He Wasn’t. Newsweek, 157(13/14), 48-51. Whip, R., Fletcher, D. (1993). The 1992 United States Election: â€Å"The Year of the Woman†? Social Alternatives, 12(2), 48-52. Wiener, J. (2010). Change Comes to Nixonland. Nation, 291(7/8), 27-29. This essay on The History Of The Republican George Herbert Walker Bush was written and submitted by user Brielle Ayers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli Essays

Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli Essays Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli Paper Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli Paper Using alkaline lysine nipper, a DNA lassie was isolated from the donor and transcontinental strains and FIG electrophoresis was used to determine the size of the plasmid. The conjugation efficiency was found to be 16. 25% and the plasmid DNA was approximately 97 kilobytes long. The results show that the F plasmid was effectively transferred from the donor cells into the recipient cells via conjugation. Introduction:Bacterial conjugation is the unidirectional transfer of either genomic DNA or plasmid DNA from a donor bacterial cell to a recipient bacterial cell by cell-to-cell contact via a sex pills (Sonatas Simmons, 2006). Conjugation was first discovered by Elderberry and Datum in 1946. In their experiment, they grew two strains of bacteria in separate vessels with rich medium and then together in one vessel containing the same medium. Then, they spread the three vessel contents onto medium agar plates and incubated them overnight at ETC. The only plate that showed cell growth was the plate containing the mixture of the two bacterial strains. The other two plates showed no growth. This experiment proved that in order for recombination to occur, the two strains must come in contact with one another (Elderberry, Datum, 1946). In 1950, Bernard Davis discovered that cell-to-cell contact was required to obtain a transcontinental. Using a U tube containing a sintered filter between the two sides of the tube, he added two types of bacteria (donor and recipient) to each side of the tube. Because of the filter, Davis never observed conjugation. This further proved that in order for conjugation to occur, the cells must come into physical contact. In order for cells to undergo conjugation, one cell must contain a fertility factor (F). William Hayes discovered this F factor in 1952. The F factor, which is a small auricular molecule of DNA (plasmid), controls the synthesis of F pill that connect donor and recipient cells during conjugation. These F factors are approximately 105 bagpipers in size. In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell containing the F plasmid is referred to as an F+ cell while a recipient cell that lacks the plasmid is an F- cell. When an F+ cell mates with an F- cell (conjugation), the plasmid is transferred. Both the donor and recipient cells become F+ cells and contain the F plasmid. While transferring the F+ plasmid, sometimes the plasmid is integrated into the recipients chromosome. These cells are referred to as Hoff cells. Sometimes chromosomal DNA is looped out of the F plasmid, and chromosomal genes are transferred into the recipient; the recipient cells are referred to as F strains. When donor F cells mate with recipient F- cells, genomic DNA is transferred from donor to recipient. This transfer is known as seduction and the cell that receives the F plasmid from the donor is referred to as a transcontinental (Sonatas Simmons, 2006). In the experiment performed, conjugation was studied in E. Coli bacterial cells. The donor bacterial cells contained the F plasmid that had the lack+ gene integrated into it, making the cells Flag+stars. The recipient bacterial cells were F- lack-stir. The donor and recipient cells were mixed and plated onto streptomycin indicator plates. Using AGE electrophoresis, plasmid DNA was isolated and its size was determined. The plasmid was present in the donor and transcontinental cells; however, in the recipient cells the plasmid was absent. Materials and Methods:One ml of each of donor (Flag+stars) and recipient (F- lack-stir) the E. Oil bacterial strains, from the American Type Culture Collection in Rockville, Md. , was pipettes with a pitman into a sterile culture tube and incubated, without shaking, at 370 C for 90 minutes. Before plating the strains on agar plates, dilutions of the three strains of cells were prepared with LB broth. 100 Pl of 10-5 and 10-6 dilutions of donor cells were each plated onto McCracken (MAC) agar plates without streptomycin. 100 Pl of 1 0-5 dilution of donor cells and 10-5 and 10-6 recipient were also plated onto MAC plates with streptomycin. 00 Pl of 10-4 and 10-5 dilutions of the conjugation mixture cells were plated onto MAC agar with streptomycin. All seven plates were inverted and placed in a ETC incubator for about 24 hours. The bacterial colonies on each plate were counted the next day (colony counts seen in Table l). Donor colonies were picked with a sterile loop and placed into a sterile test tube containing LB broth. Recipient and transcontinental colonies were also isolated and placed into sterile test tubes containing LB broth and streptomycin. The tubes were then placed in a 37 C shaking incubator at 250 RPM overnight. After the incubation, 1. 5 ml of each of the three cultures were added to offender tubes and centrifuged at 13,200 RPM for 1 minute. An alkaline lysine procedure like that of Bromine and Doll was then performed to extract the lassie DNA with 200 Pl of alkaline SD detergent solution (Bromine Daly, 1979). After the alkaline lysine procedure was complete, the pellets were washed with a 100% ethanol and stored in a -ICC freezer. A 1% agrees gel in 0. 5 X TUBE buffer was prepared for gel electrophoresis in a gel tray. The gel tray was placed into the BIO-RADAR FIG Mapped apparatus. Loading dye was added and each sample (apron. 25 VI) was then loaded into a well. DNA markers were loaded into the first and last wells. The gel was run under program 4 for 16 hours, 180 volts forward and 120 volts reverse. When the program was knishes, the gel was placed into an tedium bromide solution to stain. After staining, the gel was gently rocked in distilled water. Using a Kodak IDEAS 290 imaging system, a picture of the gel was taken (which can be seen in Figure 1. 0). Results:During the experiment, donor (F+lack+stars) and recipient (F-lack-stir) cells were mixed and plated onto streptomycin indicator plates. Plasmid DNA was extracted from the donor and transcontinental cells and FIG electrophoresis was used to determine the plasmids size. After plating and incubating the bacterial dilutions, the cell colonies were counted. It was observed that all of the donor ells were red, all of the recipient cells were white, and the conjugation culture cells were a mix of red and white. There were too many (>300) red colonies to count on the donor 10-5 MAC agar plate and 60 red colonies on the donor 10-6 MAC agar plate. No colonies were seen on the donor 10-5 MAC agar + strep plate. There were 126 white colonies on the recipient 10-5 MAC + strep plate and 32 white colonies seen on the recipient 10-6 MAC + strep agar plate. The transcontinental 10-4 MAC + strep agar plate had 206 red and too many white colonies to count, while the transcontinental 10-5 MAC + strep agar plate had 26 De colonies and 86 white colonies (seen in Table l). Using the cell counts and their dilutions, the culture concentration was calculated. The concentration of donor cells in the 10-6 dilution was xx cells/ ml_. The concentration of recipient cells in the 10-6 dilution was 3. Axis cells/ml. The concentration of transcontinental cells in the 10-5 dilution was 2. Xx cells/ ml (Table II). The conjugation efficiency was calculated to be 16. 25% (Table Ill). Upon completion of a FIG electrophoresis, marker standards were used to determine the plasmid size and the distance traveled. The size and mobility f the bands in Marker II (Figure 1. 0) were measured and a standard curve was generated ( Figure 2. 0). This curve was then used to determine the plasmid size present in the donor and transcontinental cells. The plasmid was not present in the recipient cells. ) The plasmid traveled 14. 5 mm and was approximately 101 kilobytes long. Discussion:After plating the donor cells onto MAC plates that did not contain the streptomycin antibiotic, red colonies grew. This result is plausible because the donor cells contained the lack Oberon, which codes for enzymes that can utilize lactose as food. Cells containing this Oberon can grow on MAC plates because the plates contain lactose sugar. These two plates were then compared to the donor plate that contained the streptomycin antibiotic. No colonies grew on the streptomycin plate. This is because the donor cells did not contain the gene for streptomycin resistance. After plating the recipient cells onto MAC+strep plates, white colonies grew. This result is seen because the recipient cells lack the lack Oberon. These cells cannot utilize lactose as a food source. Also, the recipient cells were able to grow in the presence of streptomycin because they contained gene for resistance to the antibiotic. On the plates containing MAC+strep and 10-5 transcontinental cells, there were 26 red cells present. Ideally, because the cells were too dilute for conjugation to be seen, there should have been no red cells present. On the plates containing MAC+strep and 10-4 transcontinental cells, both red and white colonies were observed. The white colonies were recipient cells and the red were transcontinental. It can be determined that the red cells were the transcontinental because previously, red cells (which indicate donor cells) were not able to grow on plates containing streptomycin. Because they ere present on streptomycin plate, the cells must have undergone conjugation. After isolating the plasmids and running them on a FIG electrophoresis, it was observed that the plasmid was only present in the donor and transcontinental cells. This occurred because only the donor cells contained the plasmid. Because donor cells were not present in the recipient cells, no conjugation could occur; therefore, no plasmid would be seen in the recipient lane on the gel. The size of the F plasmid was determined by measuring the distance the plasmid traveled in the gel, and comparing it to a known marker (Marker II). The size of the F plasmid as determined to be approximately 97 kilobytes long. This was compared to the literature value, of approximately 100 kilobytes (Sealing, Paulson, and Cooper, 1991 Because the plasmid size is very close to the literature value, it can be concluded that the DNA plasmid was successfully isolated from the donor to the transcontinental cells. Genomic DNA was not transferred and no Hoff strains were formed. The conjugation efficiency was calculated and found to be 16. 25% on the transcontinental plates, meaning for every 100 cells on the plate, 16. 5 were transcontinental. A 16. 25% conjugation efficiency is a reasonable value. The value seen could be due to the fact that even though a donor cell contains the F plasmid, the plasmid is not always transferred into every single recipient cell. If this were the case, a conjugation efficiency of 100% would be seen every time. Comparing this value to an efficiency value seen in the literature of 94%, the value is a bit low (Kiang et al. , 2000). To increase the conjugation efficiency, the mixed donor and recipient cells could be left to sit for a longer period of time.

How to Reduce Your Financial Stress in College

How to Reduce Your Financial Stress in College For many students, college is the first time they are in control of the majority of their finances. You might now suddenly be responsible for paying your own bills, working a job that you need to make ends meet, and/or making the scholarship money you get in August last through December. Unfortunately, these new financial responsibilities come within a context where money is often unusually tight. So how can you avoid being stressed about your financial situation while in college? Get a Job that Doesnt Stress You out If the responsibilities at your job are making you stressed out, its time to find another job. Make sure, of course, that your hourly wage is enough to help you meet your financial obligations. On that same note, however, your job shouldnt be providing a paycheck and causing you to seriously stress out. Look for a good on-campus job or one near campus that offer a relaxed work environment that is supportive and understanding of your life (and responsibilities) as a college student. Make a Budget The very idea of a budget often makes people think of having to sit down with a calculator, track every penny they spend, and go without the things they want the most. This, of course, is only true if thats what you want to make your budget look like. Set aside 30 minutes at the start of every semester to list what your expenses will be. Then figure out how much youll need each month to cover these expenses and what sources of income youll have (on-campus job, money from your parents, scholarship money, etc.). And then ... voila! You have a budget. Knowing what your expenses will be ahead of time can help you figure out how much money youll need and when. And knowing that kind of information will greatly reduce the financial stress in your life (not to mention having to bum off of your friends meal plans at the end of each semester when yours gets low). Stick to Your Budget Having an awesome budget doesnt mean anything if you dont stick with it. So check in with your financial self every week about how your spending looks. Do you have enough in your account to still meet the expenses youll have for the rest of the semester? Is your spending on track? If not, what do you need to cut down on, and where can you find some extra funds during your time in school? Understand the Difference Between Wants and Needs Do you need a winter jacket while in college? Of course. Do you need to have a brand-new, expensive winter jacket every year while in college? Definitely not. You may want to have a brand-new, expensive winter jacket each year, but you definitely dont need one. When it comes to looking at how you spend your money, make sure you differentiate between wants and needs. For example: Need coffee? Fair enough! Need coffee at $4 a cup at the coffee shop on campus? Nope! Consider brewing some at home and bringing it to campus in a travel mug that will keep it warm throughout your first class of the day. (Added bonus: Youll save your budget and the environment at the same time!) Cut out Costs Wherever Possible See how long you can go without spending any money, either with cash or through your debit and credit card(s). What were you able to live without? What kinds of things could be cut from your budget that you wouldnt miss too much but that would help you save money? What kinds of things could you easily do without? What kinds of things are expensive but not really worth what you have to pay for them? Saving money in college might be easier than you first think. Keep Track of Where Your Money Goes Your bank may offer something online or you can choose to use a website, like mint.com, that helps you see where your money goes each month. Even if you think you know where and how you spend your money, actually seeing it graphed out can be an eye-opening experience―and key for you to reduce your financial stress during your time in school. Avoid Using Your Credit Cards Sure, there can be times to use your credit card in college, but those times should be few and far between. If you think things are tight and stressful now, imagine what theyd be like if you racked up a lot of credit card debt, couldnt make your minimum payments, and had creditors calling to harass you all day long. While credit cards can be good in a pinch, they should definitely be a last resort. Talk to the Financial Aid Office If your financial situation in college is causing you significant stress, it may be because youre in a situation that is financial unsustainable. While most students experience tight budgets, they shouldnt be so tight that the stress they cause is overwhelming. Make an appointment to talk to a financial aid officer to discuss your financial aid package. Even if your school cant make any changes to your package, they might be able to suggest some external resources that can help you with your finances―and, consequently, with your stress levels. Know Where to Get Money in an Emergency Some of your financial stress may be coming from not having an answer to the What will I do if something major happens? question. For example, you might know you dont have the money to fly home if theres a family emergency, or you might not having the money to fix your car, which you need to get to school, if you were in an accident or needed a major repair. Spending a little time now to figure out where to get money in an emergency can help alleviate the stress that comes from feeling like youre walking on thin financial ice all of the time. Be Honest With Your Parents or Sources of Financial Support Your parents may think theyre sending you enough money or that your taking an on-campus job will distract you from your academics, but the reality can sometimes be a little different. If you need to change something in your financial situation, be honest with those who are contributing to (or depending on) your college finances. Asking for help might be intimidating but it might also be a great way to ease up on the factors causing you stress day in and day out. Make Time to Apply for More Scholarships Every year, its impossible to miss the news headlines that report on just how much money in scholarships goes unclaimed. No matter how tight your time is, you can always find a few minutes here and there to find and apply for more scholarships. Think about it: If that $10,000 scholarship only took you 4 hours to research and apply for, wasnt that a good way to spend your time? Thats like earning $2,500 an hour! Spending half an hour here and there to find scholarships can be one of the best ways to spend your time and reduce, over the long-term, the financial stress in college. After all, arent there more exciting things youd like to be focusing on?

Problem Resolution in Corrections Research Paper

Problem Resolution in Corrections - Research Paper Example A vision of this scale requires harmonized and joint attempts on the division of correctional companies to set up a â€Å"seamless† network of relations as well as communication; the Transition/Re-entry Action plan is an organizational guide toward accomplishing this goal (Altschuler, Armstrong & MacKenzie, 2006). The job, independently and jointly, is to create and strengthen the awareness; skills, principles, beliefs, as well as other qualifications that criminal will need so as to be successful in the society. As shown above, this may be attained in a range of methods, comprising the formation of a correctional setting that holds criminals liable for satisfying real-world qualities of work, in school and in the society. Mutually, as a united and combined set of organizations with a universal goal, we may make it come to pass. DOP-Training Services: Include a more wide-ranging transition initiative in the colleges to better train adolescents for release and incorporate an ultimate benchmark for transition in the Yearly Reassessment of Instructive Services. Supply computerization of a checklist of what has been accomplished as well as what requires to be done prior to release; partake in debates with organization staff to make easy sharing of data and computerization of process. Action Steps: 1). Develop a closer functioning association with DOP before release. 2). Improve DOP to permit better right of entry across departments. 3). Carry out combined Primary education meetings for correctional leaders as well as on trial or parole detectives to comprise case administration, transition, and discharge scheduling. 4). Start local transition job groups across departments and make use of resource meetings. 5). Create films to assist debate transition problems with households, employees and prisoners. Provide computerization of a checklist of what has been accomplished and what requires to be performed

Into Another Reality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Into Another Reality - Assignment Example After several rejections and no call-backs, just when they were about to give up, a talent-scout advised Millie to let her son audition for a talent audition to be broadcasted on a major television network the very next day. Things actually went well for Derrick, and his singing had him chosen to compete for the finals, making Millie plump up her feathers after many years of efforts. However, after hearing several groups of people comment negatively on her son’s abilities which, in turn, affected his motivation and singing during practice, as well as his attitude towards her, Millie comes to the realisation that she now has to face even more things than just failure, and that she has to make a final decision: choosing between her dreams and her son’s happiness. Story Outline I. Inciting incident A. Millie Ross pushes her son, Derrick into numerous talent searches and auditions, but failed in all of them. She was about to give up after their last audition. B. Mr. Isaac, a shady-looking talent scout notices the child’s potential and tells her to audition to a talent-search in the next studio the next day, giving Millie more hopes for her son. II. Rising action A. Derrick wins a spot for the succeeding episodes of the talent search, delighting Millie in their newfound fortune. But several weeks into their new â€Å"reality†, Millie sees the dark side of stardom as tiring and unrewarding. Still, she deems everything fine as long as Derrick sings and wins. B. Numerous rumors about Derrick and his mother starts circulating the internet, affecting Derrick’s performances and nearly losing the top three spot. His mother was not immune to the effects of the gossips either, but instead of talking it out with him, she takes out her frustrations on her son, causing their relationship to grow distant. C. Just when Millie was about to scold her son’s shortcomings in his last performance, Derrick starts sobbing and telling her that he wanted to go home, back to his school, and just stay in one place, after all, â€Å"This is your dream, not ours, and not mine really.† Millie shuts him out completely, calling him selfish and ungrateful. D. Derrick sings beautifully in front of audiences, but she knew then that he was not singing for her anymore. Millie feels the loss but still remains distant. E. A confused Millie consults Mr. Isaac about Derrick’s well-being and future. He just reminds her that he may be her own flesh and blood, but his self and choices are â€Å"completely his own.† III. Climax A. Derrick fails to win the top spot in the competition. But Millie apologizes and asks about his happiness. Derrick simply wants to sing and make people happy, and Millie agrees to it after he completes the contract requirements of the show. Though doubtful, Derrick complies. IV. Falling action A. After several months on the road and after finishing the contract agreements, Millie starts getting offe rs from various recording companies to take in Derrick and develop his skills. But she politely declines, saying that her son’s reality is elsewhere, and she supports his choices and happiness as well. B. Millie tells Mr. Isaac about her plans, with a bit of regret. But seeing her son smile happily made her feel like the choice was worth it. Mr. Isaac thought Derrick’s talents would go to waste, but in the end, he just let the kid off without any other unkind words to prevent the past mistakes he did with former talents.     

The Relationship between Snowball and Napoleon in Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

The relationship surrounding Snowball and Napoleon in George Orwell's Animal Farm tends to be on rocky grounds. Snowball, a clever pig, tends to be loyal, brave, and outgoing. These are just a few excellent qualities of a leader. Napoleon, a boar, on the other hand, is quite frankly rude, wretched, and full of greed. Both have had their share of leadership on the farm, yet both have had their share of conflict as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Snowball, Animal Farm's first and foremost leader, is and always should be well respected. He bravely fought at the battle of Cowshed, the first conflict between man and animal. He took wounds, he took control, and he spoke for the well being of the Animals. He conceived the great windmill that would supply the Animal Farm with electric power. All this for the prosperity of his fellow animal… until Napoleon stepped in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon was a leader who led with an iron fist. A fist he used to secretly abuse his fellow animal. He began by raising several ferocious dogs to aid him in enforcing his rules, laws, and expectations. Using them, he abruptly ended Snowballs reign by using the dogs to exile him from the farm. Shortly after, he halted the construction of the windmill. More often than not he would cleverly work his way around the seven commandments by altering them to his pleasure. For example, 'Now animal shall drink alcohol to excess.'; Or 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.'; Napoleon grounded the rations of each and every animal. The farm slowly fell into a dark abyss with every wretched move Napoleon made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What's worse, Napoleon came to constantly use Snowball to shift the blame on every small mishap on the farm. For example, when the windmill was first destroyed by the tornado, Napoleon blamed it on Snowball. Also, Snowball was blame for destroying farm property, mixing foods with weeds, and secretly conspiring with human, which was strictly prohibited by animal law. However, the accusations were never proven true, as Snowball was never heard from again since his expulsion.

How Does Steinbeck Present Loneliness and Isolation in Of Mice and Men(TM)?

‘Of Mice and Men' was first published in 1937 during the great depression and has had a great impact on workers in America since. Steinbeck got the name of the book from a line in a poem ‘To a Mouse' by Robert Burns, the poem reads ‘The best laid schemes o'Mice an' Men, gang aft agley, an' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain for promis'd joy!' meaning that The best laid schemes of mice and men, Go often wrong, And leaves us nothing but grief and pain, For promised joy! This relates to the end of the book where George shoots Lennie, this is the part where it often wrong because the dream is no longer as big as it was. The book follows the journey of two workers, George and Lennie, travelling from Weed across America to the ‘Tyler ranch' in Northern California. The book starts by using descriptive language to get a picture into the readers mind, ‘Golden foothill slopes' Steinbeck makes America sound like the perfect paradise even with all the racism and discrimination around at that time, people still wanted to go there in order to achieve ‘the American Dream'. The setting of Soledad I think, relates to Lennie, ‘Golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains', this echoes Lennie's personality as he is calm and gentle and has a ‘golden' personality, but if you say something to upset him he will slowly ‘curve up' to become strong and full of rage with fists as strong as rock. Lennie is an outcast of the group, linking to isolation as he doesn't understand everything everyone says, and he doesn't know his own strength. Lennie is treat differently by al of the men ain the bunk-house because he is child-like ‘He don't mean no harm†¦He's a good guy' they are trying to be-friend Lennie after what happened to Curley because they don't want to end up with a crippled hand, when they go into town, Lennie is left behind and the men talk to him like a child, he is a bit ‘slow' and doesn't understand why people treat him differently. . The people at the bunk-house treat him like a child but they do include him in things like card games, whereas Curley hurts him, and Lennie doesn't understand why. George is the brains of the two, whenever Lennie is in trouble, George is there to get him out of it, this makes Lennie feel like he has a friend and doesn't make him feel lonely. ‘Hide in the brush till I come for you' George is showing Lennie that he will never be alone, ‘I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you' they fight like brothers but will never leave each other alone or make each other feel isolated in anyway on purpose,. ‘An' if a fren' come along†¦ we'd say â€Å"Why don't you stay the night†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ they would have people who care about them. George has this idea of people like them who work on ranches not having anybody to care about them, ‘With us it ain't like that, we got a future' George is showing determination to help Lennie's dream come true for them to have rabbits to be Lennie's friends so he isn't lonely, George wants them to be isolated by having their own land where nobody can hurt them, and they can be a family. I think George does feel lonely but in the way where he can't speak to anybody except for Lennie, George has boundaries for what he can talk to Lennie about in case he forgets it or doesn't understand. When they arrive on the ranch, George has a sense of relief when he confides in Slim and tells him what happened back in Weed and also tells him how he used to tease Lennie and that's how they ended up travelling together, George feels less isolated because now he has someone to talk to that understands what happened and he can let it all off his chest without snapping at Lennie. Candy is the oldest worker on the ranch, now no use to anyone due to an injury that occurred on the ranch, he has only one hand. Candy joins George and Lennie in the fight of achieving ‘The American Dream' and gives them money for the farmhouse. ‘S'pose I went in with you guys†¦how'd that be?' Candy starts to feel less lonely because George is at least considering it at this time, whereas the rest of the workers wouldn't even give him a chance to speak about dreaming of it. He doesn't feel so restricted of where he goes and who he talks to because he knows he isn't going to be there for much longer. Candy wasn't lonely in the beginning of the book because he had his dog but the rest of the workers thought he was useless ‘He ain't no good to you, Candy. An' he ain't no good to himself' I think this makes Candy feel like they're talking about him which links to the loneliness and isolation because he can't open up to anyone and I think Candy feels threatened by George and Lennie's arrival because every time a new worker comes along, it could mean that Candy wont be needed anymore. Candy I think compares to the ‘ash-pile' as he has become older and more useless but he has become part of the ranch like a landmark. He also compares to the limb which I think represents his stump, ‘Worn smooth' which relates to Candy always stroking it. Crooks is the only ‘negro' on the ranch, he is physically isolated by having a room to himself, in a separate building and not being mentally able to bring himself to talk to any of the workers, when Lennie first encounters Crooks, Crooks tries to get Lennie to feel like he feels, and to understand how it feels to be isolated. The book was written in the 1940's where most of America was segregated, Crooks was segregated and was only allowed to mix with the workers on Christmas. Curley's wife is isolated as she is the only woman on the ranch. She is perceived as dangerous because she wears red, ‘She is wearing a dress that shows her legs and her lips and nails are red'. George tells Lennie to stay away from her because of the dangerous red lips, Candy tells George that she's a tart but George can see that for himself. When Lennie is in the barn burying his puppy, Curley's wife walks in and starts talking about her soft hair, she knew that Lennie was capable of causing severe pain and damage to someone, but she didn't know he was capable of killing someone, Lennie doesn't know his own strength. This is a replay of what happened in Weed as Lennie felt something smooth that he liked and couldn't let go. The quote at the end of the book ‘Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin' them two guys?' These are the very last words in the book and are spoken by Carlson. Carlson only comes into the book when things are linked to loosing family, he shoots Candy's dog and shows no sympathy towards him. This suggests that Carlson is a very lonely character because he doesn't know what it's like to love someone and loose them. Slim shows sympathy and compassion towards George, and looks after him. This suggests that Slim knows what its like to loose family, and I think that's how he ended up alone on the ranch, because he lost his family so he decided to try and achieve the American Dream of making something out of nothing. George has to let go and ‘put down' his own family, by killing Lennie, he also kills the dream, not just his, but Candy's aswell. George is now not only alone, but has isolated himself from everyone even more. Crook's predictions have come true which is no surprise to him, he's been there for years and has seen loads of workers have the same dream, but never believed that them would achieve it. The end of the book is left open for you to believe what you want, if you want to believe George and Candy got the farmhouse or whether you think George stayed at the ranch, there is no right answer so you create your own ending.